Freakonomics Radio

We are in the midst of a historic (and wholly unpredicted) rise in urbanization. But it's hard to retrofit old cities for the 21st century. Enter Dan Doctoroff. The man who helped modernize New York City ? and tried to bring the Olympics there ? is now C.E.O. of a Google-funded startup that is building, from scratch, the city of the future.

Nearly two percent of America is grassy green. Sure, lawns are beautiful and useful and they smell great. But are the costs ? financial, environmental and otherwise ? worth the benefits?

Pharmaceutical firms donate an enormous amount of their products (and some cash too). But it doesn't seem to be helping their reputation. We ask Pfizer's generosity chief why the company gives so much, who it really helps, and whether all this philanthropy is just corporate whitewashing.

Corporate Social Responsibility programs can attract better job applicants who'll work for less money. But they also encourage employees to misbehave. Don't laugh ? you too probably engage in "moral licensing," even if you don't know it.

We all like to throw around terms that describe human behavior ? "bystander apathy" and "steep learning curve" and "hard-wired." Most of the time, they don't actually mean what we think they mean. But don't worry ? the experts are getting it wrong, too.

A breakthrough in genetic technology has given humans more power than ever to change nature. It could help eliminate hunger and disease; it could also lead to the sort of dystopia we used to only read about in sci-fi novels. So what happens next?

Sure, medical progress has been astounding. But today the U.S. spends more on healthcare than any other country, with so-so outcomes. Atul Gawande ? cancer surgeon, public-health researcher, and best-selling author ? has some simple ideas for treating a painfully complex system.

Three former White House economists weigh in on the new tax bill. A sample: "The overwhelming evidence is that the trickle-down, magic-beanstalk beans argument ? that's just nonsense."

Kevin Hassett, chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers, explains the thinking behind the controversial new Republican tax package ? and why its critics are wrong. (Next week, we'll hear from the critics.)

Stephen Dubner's conversation with the founder and longtime C.E.O. of Bridgewater Associates, recorded for the Freakonomics Radio series "The Secret Life of a C.E.O."